Fall & RoofsPole Work

LADDERS

As a window cleaner you will need to get comfortable on roofs and ladders. Ladders can be intimidating but if you follow the correct safety practices, the hazards are minimal. A lot of customers hire you because their windows are difficult to reach. Understanding how ladders work, their limits, and what's expected, should give you the confidence to work safely on them. If a ladder seems damaged or is not working properly, immediately remove it from service and make sure that others don't use it.

Ladder types are separated by colors with certain weight limits. Professional window cleaners should be using either green or a heavier duty ladder. For your safety, you should know your weight limit, in order to ensure you're using the right weight rating ladder. All ladders should have their ladder type written on the side. If you don't see the ladder type or the color type, you should do additional research to figure out the rating.

When Choosing a ladder, consider the following:

  • Regulation Requirements such as OSHA and ANSI
  • Height of the task
  • Physical condition and worker ability
  • Condition of the ground
  • Clearance needed
  • Type of work needed to be done
  • Manufacturer requirements

There is an extensive amount of ladder designed, styles, and manufacturers. Pay attension in this lesson to understand best ladder practices.

Ladder Types

  • The color of the ladder will inform the user of which type of ladder they are using. Understanding ladder types can be helpful so you can use the safest ladder while carrying the lightest duty. You'll want to use a ladder strong enough to hold you, your tools, and any protective equipment you have, but light enough to avoid worker fatigue. See below and make sure your working weight falls below these categories.

  • Ladder Type Type III Type II Type I Type IA Type IAA
    Weight Limit 200 lbs 225 lbs 250 lbs 300 lbs 375 lbs
    Duty Rating Light Household Medium Commercial Heavy Industrial Heavy Industrial Heavy Industrial
    Color Red Green Blue Orange Yellow

  • Ladder Labels

    Ladder labels are used to inform the user of information about the ladder. As the ladder ages and with the help of outside elements these labels can become faded and deteriorate. These are helpful to address the ladder type/weight rating but also the safest reaching height. This is important to know so a user doesn't over extend or reach on a ladder. The model number is important to make sure you have properly fitting ladder accessories, and addressing recalls or other safety concerns. If you can't find the ladder label or have questions, reach out to someone who can get you this information and teach you how to safely navigate the ladder.

  • Roof Terms


    Load Capacity: This is the max capacity your ladder can hold. Make sureyour weight including tools, PPE and other equipment is under the ladder's load capacity.
    Duty Rating : Lader color will show you the type of ladder and load capacity.
    Ladder Size: Ladder Size represents the size of ladder you are working on. Keep in mind that taller ladders can be a lot more top heavy.
    Maximum Reach: This will tell you the safest working height of the ladder. This number usually includes the height of an average person.
    Highest Standing Level: This is the highest point in which you can stand on the ladder. This number, plus the person's safe reach will equal the maximum reach.
    Mode/ID Number: This number is important if you are trying to have your ladder serviced, purchase an accessory, or check for recalls. You always want ot make sure any accessory is engineered and confirmed safe for your ladder.

  • Ladder Styles

    Ladders come in a range of styles, materials and abilities. They can be fiberglass, plastic, metal, or wood. Different ladders have different positive and negative attributes such as weight, height, adjustments and capabilities. Always use your best judgment when picking a ladder for the task at hand.

  • Self Supporting Ladders

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  • Straight Ladders

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  • Fixed Ladders

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  • Below are two of the more commonly used ladders in the industry. Be sure to follow manufacturer requirements and best judgements when using a ladder. Fall protection isn't required on portable ladders so it's important to make sure you're setting up and using your ladder correctly.

  • A Frame (Self Supporting)

    Make sure you read the detailed descriptions. This is an A-frame style step ladder. These are free standing ladders meaning they don't need to lean against anything. You never want to step on, or above, the top step. Always make sure your spreaders are fully locked and each foot is on the ground. Know your weight limit (including tools and equipment) to make sure you're on the right type of ladder. Don't ever cover your ladder feet even going inside someones house. All ladders should have anti-slip feet for your safety and covering them could lead to serious injury or death. Your weight is disbursed on each rail (the front rail and the back rail) so always make sure your weight is center over the front rail with the steps. If you're standing on the ladder but your body is reaching left or right the ladder becomes extremely top heavy and will tip over. Because these ladders tend to be used on shorter windows most workers get comfortable on them. Don't. The second you stop caring is when accidents happen. Pay attention and use them as designed. Always be cautious and use common sense. You can still be seriously injured, or even killed, from falling off a step ladder.

  • A Frame (Self Supporting)

    Description:

    Make sure you read the detailed descriptions. This is a type of straight ladder which means it needs to be leaning against something. The ladder mittens on the end keep the ladder from causing damage or marks on the customers property. If you're taking an extension ladder inside you should always wipe it all off and put shoe covers or towels over the mittens to avoid wall smudges. Never put covers on the feet of the ladder, or set up ladder feet on any sort of rug. The ladder is wedged between the wall and the ground. If the feet start moving your ladder could end up sliding down the wall to the ground. If it is absolutely necessary to cover the ground, for example if the ground is slippery, make sure you have someone holding the ladder and/or it is tied off. Always wear shoes when on a ladder and realize you may lose traction if you're wearing shoe covers. When putting your ladder onto a building make sure it's leaning towards the safest possible direction. For example, if you put your ladder above the gutter it could end up sliding; instead, place your ladder on building siding, so that it's wedged between the ground and the wall. Remember that metal conducts electricity and it's imperative that you avoid power lines at all costs. If you're around lines hold your ladder sideways with a coworker to avoid electrocution. Pay attention. Use ladder as designed. Always be cautious and use common sense.

  • To set up your extension ladder:

    1. Put the ladder in the full vertical position.
    2. Put your foot or shin against the bottom rung.
    3. Use the rope pull system to extended the ladder to the needed height.
    4. Make sure each rung locker is fully engaged and locked.
    5. Slowly rest the top of the ladder against the building.
    6. Make sure each foot, and each top, is equally rested against the building/ground.
    7. Stand on the bottom rung and rock your body weight side-to-side to make sure there is minimal movement.
    8. If there is minimal movement, the ladder should have a safe wedge between the ground and the building.
    9. Proceed with work and reverse steps to lower ladder. Always lower ladder for your next setup.

  • Ladder Pitch

    Determining Proper Straight Ladder Pitch
    Ladder feet should be 25% of height off the wall. Example: If the ladder is 20 feet high the feet should be approximately 5 feet from the wall.

    Steps:
    1. Place your toes against bottom of ladder side rails.
    2. Stand up straight.
    3. Extend your arms straight out.
    4. Your palms should reach the side rail at shoulder level.


    Footing a Ladder

    Footing a ladder is a term for having a coworker hold the base of the ladder so you can safely go up the ladder. Footing a ladder won't change the weight capacity or allow other unsafe practices. If you're in a position where the ladder could slip or the pitch is undesirable then have a coworker foot your ladder. Do not foot a ladder if the ground is uneven or soft, the ladder is wet or slippery or if know the ladder will slide. Footing a ladder should only be used when you're sure about the setup but being cautious, not when there is a guaranteed hazard. If you are a ladder footer you should:

    • Be hands free at all times
    • Be off your phone
    • Not distracted.
    • Focus on your coworker on the ladder
    • Communicate with your coworker on the ladder
    • Keep both feet at the legs and both hands on the front rails.


Ladder Care

  • Maintenance

    • Maintain ladders, parts, and accessories in good condition.
    • Inspect ladders before and after each use.
    • Clean you ladders and keep free of slippery or dirty material.
    • Replace ropes on extension ladders at any sign of deterioration.
    • Keep all moving components lubricated.
    • Always properly secure ladders to vehicle and keep tie downs in good working condition.
    • Remove damaged or faulty ladders from use immediately.

  • Storing

    • Store ladders in cool, dry places away from heat sources or fire hazards.
    • Do not use ladders as shelves.
    • Try to keep ladders out of direct sunlight, especially fiberglass ladders.
    • Keep storage area clean and accessible.
    • Keep ladders out of walk paths to avoid tripping hazards.
    • Do not store ladders in an erect, working position.

  • Inspections

    • The ladder should be free from slippery material like mud, grease, or ice.
    • Accessories are properly installed and functioning.
    • All hardware is tightened and functioning.
    • Steps and rungs are undamaged and secured to the siderails.
    • Manufacturer label is visible and ladder type is known.
    • Ladder feet are anti-slip, functioning, and clean.
    • Rope, pulleys, rung lockers, spreaders, etc are all functioning properly

Ladders need to be visually inspected before and after each use for any issue that could cause bodily harm. Unsure = Unsafe. Different types of ladders will wear differently, so it is important to always check for cracks, chips, splinters, warped or bent components, sharp edges, rust, dents, loose parts, or any other issue that would deem the ladder unsafe.

Common Accessories

  • Ladder Leveler

    Ladder levels are incredibly important accessories to straight ladders. These allow users to set the ladder on uneven ground or stairs while keeping the ladder level. If you're trying to get onto a surface you might have multiple options but when you're setting up under a window you really have limited options. Some levels are automatic and others you'll need to adjust. Either way, make sure you know how to properly use your levelers. Never stack items under your ladder to try to make it level.

  • Ladder Standoff

    These are used to keep the ladder off of the surface of the building. These can be useful to stabilize the ladder as well as providing more working space for the worker. Make sure the ladder standoff is rated for that ladder and properly attached. These aren't always necessary and will add extra weight to the ladder, making it extra top heavy.

OSHA Ladder Safety

    • Know and read all label and markings on the ladder.
    • Avoid electricity. OVERHEAD POWER LINES CAN KILL YOU. Metal conducts electricity. Overhead lines are usually ir older areas. Newer real estate developments usually put their utilities underground. Be aware and make sure coworkers are aware. 
    • Always inspect the ladder before use. If there is damage to a ladder, do not use it, or allow anyone else to.
    • Always keep three points of contacts on the ladder, at all times. This could be any combination of your four limbs.
Always face the ladder when climbing and keep your body centered.
    • Only use ladders for their intended purpose.
    • Make sure the rungs are clear of any slippery debris such as mud, oil, grease, etc. on the rungs, steps, or feet.
    • Do not use a self-standing ladder partially-closed or up against a wall.
    • Do not use the top rung/step unless that is the intended use.
Always make sure your ladder is level and without movement before going up it.
    • Never put your ladder on anything to gain additional height.
Never move or shift a ladder if someone is on it, or it equipment is attached to it.
    • Make sure your ladder is extended at least three feet above the area you're trying to reach. Do not stand on the top three rungs of an extension, single, or straight ladder.
    • Always place the base of the ladder 25% of the height, away from the wall. For example if your ladder is 20 feet up, then you want to place the base 5 feet off the wall.
    • Make sure all locks on an extension ladder are properly engaged.
    • If a ladder is an area where it could be displaced by other activities must be secured to prevent displacement or barricaded to prevent traffic.
    • Never exceed the ladders weight limit. This includes any tools

Cleaning Windows On Ladders

As mentioned earlier, window cleaning can require work on ladders, not just climbing them to get somewhere. Here we'll be talking about working on your ladder while combining OSHA ladder safety practices. Following the rules above, your ladder should be level and safely set up. NEVER set a ladder up on glass, and always be cautious when setting up on the window frame. Use common sense. If something seems old, weak, or damaged, report to a supervisor and/or come up with a safer alternative. Always avoid windows that are damaged or have something attached to them.

Ask Yourself The Following

  • Can I safely reach all corners of the window with one hand? If not, you can split it. You can answer this by standing at the bottom of the ladder and pretending to reach the edge of the window from the ground. If you can't reach at the ground, you can't reach at the top. Don't push your limits. If the center of your belt goes past the rail, you're over reaching.
  • Is the glass broken, cracked, stained-glass, or unlocked? Does it contain an air conditioner, or any other obstacles? If so, do not attempt to clean. You should never risk injury, or something falling, especially while you're up on ladder.
  • Are your hands free? Your belt should contain all of your tools necessary for cleaning the window, and be reachable with one hand. Remember we're keeping three points of contact with the ladder at all times.
  • Is your ladder away from the public? Use caution tape or cones if necessary to alert bystanders.
  • Is the weather appropriate? Avoid exterior work when the weather is wet/rainy, or if there are high winds or storms, especially lightning storms.
  • Are there overhead power lines near? Avoid at all costs. Hold your ladder sideways, erect to house, then sideways again to the truck. If you have a coworker there, double team the ladder by grabbing each end. This will force accountability for carrying it sideways.
  • Are your hands, tools and ladder dry (except for for washer)? This is important not only for safely climbing your ladder, but for having a good grip on tools

Tips

  • Take your time. Being in hurry can cost you a lot more than time. Although window cleaning is about efficiency, safety and quality are key.
  • If you're working on the inside of a door (usually a transom window above the door) always lock the door. Someone could open the door and knock you off your ladder.
  • Never leave a ladder unattended. Leave it on a work vehicle, or on the ground in a safe place/away from a walkway.
  • If you need to pick up a straight ladder put the base end against a wall. Grab the other end and walk it up while putting pressure against the wall. You can also have a coworker hold the base end while you walk it up. "Lift with your legs, not your back.
  • Never slide or jump down a ladder.
  • Don't ever horseplay while you or a coworker are on a ladder.
  • Always face your ladder and keep your weight centered between the two the rails.
  • Never use a ladder in an area where rebar is exposed or there are other sharp objects you could fall on.
  • When you have a ladder at someones house, it's common for them to ask for "favors". Do not extend your limits or do anything unsafe. Keep in mind that insurance companies provide insurance for specific things and may void coverage if you're doing something outside your coverage plan. While customer satisfaction is important, your life and liability is more important.

Steps

When you're actually working on the ladder, always keep your weight centered and your hands around the ladder. It's your responsibility to set it up correctly because it's your lifeline once you're on it. All your tools should be reachable without removing a third contact point. Any tools passed from hand-to-hand should be passed behind the base of the ladder while hugging it. Your natural reaction is to catch something you dropped, so passing tools from hand-to-hand while hugging the ladder will prevent accidents. Remember, if you start to drop a tool just let it fall. Better the tool than you. All your working motion should be through the rungs for maximum safety. Don't overreach with your setups. Follow these steps for setting up to cleaning on a ladder:

  1. Clean from high to low.
  2. Clean your left panes first (if you're right handed). This will help avoid throwing water onto right pane when pull out your washer.
  3. Clean all glass at that level so you're not going up and down the ladder more than necessary.
  4. If you're cleaning a slider/single hung window, focus your effort on the edge you can't reach from the inside. Anything reachable from the inside can be a simple touch up later, if need be.
  5. Watch your work on the way down since lighting changes, you might catch spots you missed on the window and be able to correct before moving your ladder.

If you feel you have a full understanding of this module, proceed to the test. Once you complete the test, you will be redirected back to the main module page.

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